1. For the purposes of this Statute, “crime against humanity” means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population with knowledge of the attack:

a) Murder

b) Extermination

c) Enslavement

d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population

e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law

f) torture

g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization and other sexual violence of comparable gravity

h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity itself on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court

i) Enforced disappearance of persons

j) The crime of apartheid

k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering or serious injury to body or mental or physical health. In the International Statute Adopted by the Security Council established the International Tribunal is empowered to prosecute crimes against humanity (if they have been committed during an armed conflict, international or internal in character, and directed against any civilian population )

a) murder

b) Extermination

c) Reduction to slavery

d) Expulsion

e) Imprisonment

f) torture

g) Violations

h) Persecutions on political, racial or religious

i) Other inhumane acts.

The theme “Crimes against humanity” is as bombastic as to the gravity caused the violation of human rights, the Court (Criminal) International, is just as entitled in relation to the intervention of the same violations in the territories covered in the former Yugoslavia.

Mention that in the Nuremberg Tribunals Temporary, Yugoslavia and Rwanda have handled the issue, and the handling of it has been favorable, as they have been specific cases that have served to punish the culprits which has achieved the status of Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court compile the information needed to form the criminality with respect to the cases.

Both crimes against humanity and war crimes are the most serious violations committed against human rights, especially internationally, as far as Only recently has taken awareness of the need for the establishment of courts that can fight, to provide all member states of the international community peaceful coexistence.

These courts have therefore sought a better quality of life, relationships, living together, ending with the morbid impulses of unscrupulous people who harm others regardless of the consequences that this entails.

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Its authors, led by David Stuckler, University of Oxford (UK), shown in the last message ‘The Lancet’ that unemployment increases similar to those recorded this year in the past caused peaks rise in the number of people they took off the life or committing murder.

Researchers who analyzed data from 26 countries of the European Union dated from 1970 and 2007, also found that increases in unemployment were related also to a significant reduction in the number of road accidents.

Specifically, their data showed that, with every 1% increase in unemployment figures, growing 0.8% the rates of people under 65 who took their own lives and who committed a murder, between 60 and 550 more events. In this particular case, traffic accidents were reduced by 1.4%.

If unemployment soared 3%, suicides also rushed to 4.5%. In addition, there was a considerable increase of more than deaths from alcohol abuse.
Support measures

The authors of this paper found no evidence that total mortality figures were higher in periods with the highest number of unemployed, while noting that countries with social protection systems more settled responded better to the consequences ‘harmful’ unemployment.

“[We found that] employment programs that support and reintegrate employees into a labor activity can mitigate some adverse effects of economic crises on health, these researchers suggest in their work.

In fact, they cite the example of Finland and Sweden, two countries with important social protection systems, which were at the beginning of the 90 strong economic downturns. Although unemployment rates increased significantly, the numbers of suicides declined in both countries. “Our analysis suggests that governments could protect their citizens in a specific way,” they add.

Budgeting measures for people to continue their work, develop initiatives to help those who lose to overcome the situation and enable an early reintegration into working life are some of the ideas suggested by the researchers.

In its conclusions, emphasize that social spending at least $ 190 apiece to support the labor market “could mitigate the effect of unemployment on the number of deaths by suicide, creating a unique opportunity to align the promotion of health investment in the labor field. “

However, recognize that their work has important limitations, which only took into account mortality rates – “which are clearly an incomplete measure of population health” -, or that have only measured the consequences of the crisis short term. “Some effects of the Great Depression only came to light five or seven years after the ‘crash’,” they say.

In addition, point out that certain features of the current crisis, as its rapid expansion and its intensity, makes it difficult for the “lessons from the past” can be extrapolated to the present.

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The development of the first vaccine in the West, 2 applied by Edward Jenner in England in the eighteenth century, introduced the first instrument to deal with epidemic diseases. The smallpox inoculation technique was applied in China many centuries ago. Jenner’s proposals were supported and financed by the wife of a British diplomat who had seen the technique in that country. The development of nineteenth century science allowed us to learn the characteristics and modes of transmission of infectious diseases, allowing the development of preventive tools, among which the most impact were drinking water and vaccinations.
In Argentina, there was in the early 60′s a big increase in value of vaccines, probably due to the coincidence in time of the polio epidemic of 1956 to 1957 and the emergence of the first vaccines for the disease (1955 Salk, Sabin 1960).

In the early days, immunization activities were carried out in campaign activities. Here, intense and limited in time, had much popular acceptance, so far as alternatives are proposed to address various problems. At that time, preventive medicine, who was born as an independent discipline in the late nineteenth century, began to approach the medical care, as was proposed as integrative medicine. The discipline more forcefully incorporated this model of patient care was of Pediatrics, possibly under the influence of the current led by Dr. Florencio Escardó. This coincided with a change in the mode of use of vaccines that happened to be scheduled and evaluation of coverage achieved.

The Different Logics
The incorporation of the vaccine as part of clinical services reinforced the idea of the vaccine as a tool for care and protection for the individual who received it, incorporated the concept of missed opportunities, and moved the objective coverage “to go out to all “to” be alert when they come. ” This allowed a greater role and ownership of the population in the field. Although this approach may have weakened the systemic action, this did not happen, possibly by a strong immunization program, even with some flaws, has been one of the most rational and sustained Argentine health programs.
Public Health, immunization is not only an act of personal protection, but a strategy to hinder or disrupt the circulation of the agent, providing protection to the entire community and not just recipients. To achieve this effect, the actions of ben be synergistic, (b) matching in the proposal and in time. Moreover, the evaluation does not end the patient’s card, but includes coverage achieved in the population and the impact (in reducing the disease).

The Epidemic Theory
The mechanics of epidemic transmission studied by Joseph Pannum3 interpersonal and systematized through the theory of Reed and Frost4 epidemic is characterized by the presence of an initial case, which makes contact with a certain number of individuals (contacts) in case of susceptible acquire the disease and, in turn, re-transmit to their own contacts, an increase in the rate of spread, because the number of “contagious” is growing. Only begin to decline when its spread among contacts of each case begins to increase the proportion of immune, protected by having had the disease in the first stage of the epidemic (or in earlier epidemics.) Epidemics do not affect the entire population, but in general, except for some subject that came into contact with any case for reasons of chance or because all their contacts were immune. This means an immediate benefit, although a future risk, since the accumulation of susceptible individuals over time involves the risk of providing a future epidemic because of its high proportion in the population.

The Intervention of Immunizations
The application of vaccines can transform susceptible to immune without having to suffer the disease. With this event we managed to increase the proportion of immune in a social group and, in particular, between the contacts of any case, difficult to spread. As they get better coverage are a number of effects:
1. Decrease of cases in each epidemic.
2. Interepidemic wider spacing. Having increased the immune, the accumulation of the proportion of susceptibles necessary to permit the emergence of an epidemic will require more time (see graph). Due to the lower frequency, the age range is extended and includes older ages (age shift) 6 This situation, according to the severity of each disease in relation to age, may be beneficial (H. influenzae) or dangerous (rubella .)
3. Control or elimination. It achieves the goal of having no case of disease through the disruption of interpersonal transmission (circulation of the agent) or a high security risk to disease continuum (tetanus). This situation creates a permanent risk of readmission, for which high coverage must be maintained (usually wane with the disappearance of the problem) and have intensified epidemiological surveillance to detect early re-entry.
4. Eradication. It consists of the global elimination of the use of the agent. It is the ultimate goal in the fight against disease, but is only possible where the reservoir is uniquely human and which has eficaz.5 vaccine

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With these 12 men are now detained in the context of a campaign against people suspected of being HIV positive. Four have been sentenced to one year in prison, and the other eight remained in custody. Both organizations have urged the Egyptian authorities to respect human rights of these men and their immediate release if they do not want to cause profound damage to initiatives for HIV / AIDS in the country.

“In their misguided attempt to apply Egyptian law on the unjust homosexual conduct, authorities are conducting a crackdown against people living with HIV / AIDS,” said Rebecca Schleifer, of the HIV / AIDS and Human Rights Human Rights Watch. This not only violate basic human rights of people living with HIV / AIDS, but also endanger public health by making request information on the prevention and treatment of HIV / AIDS is a risk. ”

The latest arrests have been carried out because police had used information provided to it under coercion by other men already in custody, according to the Child Health and Human Rights organization Cairene Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. Two men arrested in recent tests were positive for HIV / AIDS. The arrest of one of them was extended 15 days on 12 February when he appeared in a court hearing in which both the prosecutor and the judge said the defendant was a danger to public health. Another of those arrested will appear in court on 23 February.

As in previous cases, authorities forced the new detainees to undergo HIV testing. All those who tested positive were held in Cairo hospitals, where they were chained to their beds.

“Arbitrary arrests, forcible HIV tests and physical attacks only serve to worsen the lamentable history of the Egyptian criminal justice system, which leaves unpunished the torture and abuse,” said Hassiba Hadj-Sahraoui, Deputy Director Programme for the Middle East and North Africa at Amnesty International.

The arrests began in October 2007 when police intervened in a fight that held two men on the street in downtown Cairo. By saying one of them was HIV positive, the agents then took the two to the head of the Morality Police, and they were opened an investigation for homosexual conduct. During interrogation, the police asked the names of their friends and the people that keep sexual contacts.

The two men told lawyers that officers had given them slaps and beatings for refusing to sign a statement drafted by the police. Spent four days at the head of the Morality Police, handcuffed to an iron desk, sleeping on the floor. They were then subjected to a forensic examination to see if anal had homosexual behavior.

This type of examinations conducted by the force to detect “evidence” of homosexuality are not only false medically, but also constitute torture.
Police later arrested two other men for the simple fact that the former had photographs of him or their phones. The authorities subjected the four HIV tests without their consent.

All of them remain detained, pending the prosecutor decides whether or not to file charges against them for homosexual conduct. The first two, who reportedly tested positive for HIV testing, are still detained in the hospital, chained to their beds.

The information received indicates that a prosecutor said the following to one of the men who had tested positive for HIV testing: “People like you should be burned alive. You do not deserve to live. ”
In November 2007, police raided an apartment where one of the detainees had been living and arrested four other men. All were accused of homosexual conduct. These men told lawyers that police had mistreated, as hitting one in the head and force them all to stand in painful positions and with their arms raised for three hours.

The authorities also sent these men to HIV tests without their consent. On January 13, 2008, a court in Cairo told the four men guilty under Article 9.c of Law 10/1961, what a shame the “habitual practice of debauchery [fujur]“, a term applied in the legislation Egypt to treat gay relationships as a crime by mutual consent.

Defense attorneys told Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch that the prosecution had based their arguments on statements that the defendants had recanted because coercion was used against them to force them to do them, and also explained that there had been no witnesses or no other evidence of the accusations, which all men refused.

On February 2, 2008, an appeals court in Cairo upheld the sentences of a year of pressure that had been imposed. Treat as a crime of homosexual relations between adults and maintained by mutual agreement constitutes a breach of the obligations undertaken by Egypt under international law of human rights, which include the duty to respect and protect the privacy and personal autonomy.

The apparent use of Article 9.c in these cases to detain some people declared their HIV status and submit to HIV testing without consent is also a violation of these international guarantees of protection and the prohibition of arbitrary detention.

Amnesty International believes that punishable by imprisonment of alleged or actual sexual relations between adults of the same sex, held in private and by mutual consent constitutes a serious violation of human rights and therefore considers that persons imprisoned for this reason they are prisoners of conscience and asked to be released immediately and unconditionally.

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch urged Egyptian authorities to put an immediate end to arrests based on actual or suspected HIV status of individuals.
On the other hand, apart from demanding the release of these 12 men, both organizations have also urged the authorities to put an end to the practice of chaining detainees to their beds in hospitals and to ensure that these men are given every assistance care possible for any serious health problem they may have.
The two organizations have called on Egypt to ensure that training of all staff in the criminal justice system the necessary training so that they know the medical data on HIV and human rights standards relevant and immediately left to subject evidence detainees without their consent.

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Summary:
I. Approach II. Basic type. Article 368 of the CP 1. Objective factors a) Conduct typical. Is contained in Article 368 of the Penal Code b) legally protected c) material object d) atypical behaviors

2. Subjective elements), failure of prohibition and error type b) Intent to distribution of illicit substance possessed III. Ownership and participation 1. Introduction 2. Authorship and complicity in March. The Organization as drug trafficking) Introduction b) Review of the scientific doctrine c) Review of the Court d) The criminal enterprise as an alternative to the concept of organization IV. An imperfect forms. Introduction 2. Tentative assumptions a) The parcels b) Plantations c) The landing of drug V. Aggravated 1 subtypes. Aggravated subtypes of article 369 of Criminal Code) Circumstance first: professional qualifications of the participant b) Circumstance second: membership organization c) third circumstance: participation in other activities d) fourth Circumstance: establishments open to the public e) fifth Circumstance: quality recipient’s personal f) sixth Circumstance: notorious importance g) seventh Circumstance: adulteration of substances h) eighth Circumstance: the place of commission of the offense i) ninth Circumstance: the use of violence or weapons j) tenth Circumstance: 2 drug smuggling. Subtypes of special aggravation of Article 370 of the Penal Code VI. The subtypes privileged partnerships and consumer-dealer VII. Procedural Aspects 1. Wiretapping 2. The analysis of the substance ANNEXES Instruction 7 / 2004 of 26 November on the citation for the act of the trial of the expert authors of reports on analysis of substances seized in cases of crimes against public health 1. THE PROBLEM 2. The analysis of the drug in the regular process for crimes

3. Specialties of drug testing in the summary procedure in April. Conclusions Agreement room full of second dated October 19, 2001 Bibliography

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